Chapter 5 : Verbal Messages

           Verbal messages is a message that transfer through                  vocal communication.

1. Principle of verbal messages 

• Message Meanings Are in People - The word that different people say will bring different meanings. 
• Messages Are Denotative and Connotative 

        Denotative : Meaning direct from dictionary. 

        Connotative : Meaning based on own understanding/feeling.

• Meanings Depend on Context/Abstraction - A word/action that can bring various meaning. 

      (i) Meaning are culturally influenced:

          Principle of Cooperation with 4 maxims: the maxim of quality (be honest)

                                                                   : the maxim of relation (related with the topic)

                                                                   : the maxim of manner (be clear)

                                                                   : the maxim of quantity (be informative)

          

          Principle of Peaceful Relations: keep a peaceful relationship.

          Principle of Face-Saving: don't embarrass others in public.

          Principle of Self-Denigration: never take all credits for yourself.

      (ii) Meaning are influenced by gender:  

           Men - usually more direct.

           Women - usually more polite.

• Messages Vary in Politeness 

       (i) Politeness vs Impoliteness 

           

      (ii) Directness vs Indirectness

• Messages Vary in Assertiveness: person who speaks their mind & welcome other's doing.

• Messages Can Deceive: having an intention to give false message. 

      (i) Pro-Social Deception - to achieve something good

     (ii) Self-Enhancement Deception - to make yourself look good

    (iii) Selfish Deception - to protect yourself

    (iv) Anti-Social Deception - to harm others

   

     2. Disconfirmation & Confirmation

         Disconfirmation : You ignore someone's message.
         Confirmation : You acknowledge someone's message.

• Area affected by disconfirmation and confirmation: 

      (i)  Racism: judge people by their skin-colour.
      (ii) Sexism: judge people based on their gender.
     (iii) Hetero-sexism
     (iv) Ageism: assume that elderly people are weaker than younger people.


     3. Using Verbal Message Effectively

• Verbal messages can :

            1.Symbolize reality (partially)
2.Express both facts and inference
3.Be relatively static
4.Obscure distinctions